Mining and agriculture: The Haber process but with an alternate, renewable source of heat.
Shipping: EVs, why is this a question? Sail might make a comeback to augment electric propulsion on big ships.
Steel: Hydrogen reduction.
Cement and glass: Alternate heat sources again
Although it’s worth noting cement emits CO2 on it’s own while being produced even without fossil fuels. For the purpose of this question it doesn’t matter, but for the purpose of the climate it does. Because the kilns are so hard to seal, it’s one reason why we’ll need some things to be carbon negative as well in the long term.
Mining and agriculture: The Haber process but with an alternate, renewable source of heat.
Shipping: EVs, why is this a question? Sail might make a comeback to augment electric propulsion on big ships.
Steel: Hydrogen reduction.
Cement and glass: Alternate heat sources again
Although it’s worth noting cement emits CO2 on it’s own while being produced even without fossil fuels. For the purpose of this question it doesn’t matter, but for the purpose of the climate it does. Because the kilns are so hard to seal, it’s one reason why we’ll need some things to be carbon negative as well in the long term.