Some of a telco’s biggest customers and biggest vendors are other telcos.
MVNOs operate on MNO networks. MVNOs have agreements on access and usage to use MNO networks. MNOs also have agreements with other MNOs to roam on each other’s networks. These are called access charges and access revenue
It’s kinda dumb when all this could just be nationalized and run under one umbrella, but MNO and MVNO leasing is at least better than having to pay roaming charges because Verizon or AT&T don’t have ownership of the Bell infrastructure in your region because that’s how the cards fell when they broke it up.
MVNO networking is more common now even with the big providers where the roaming is “free” because they lease or trade bandwidth.
Some of a telco’s biggest customers and biggest vendors are other telcos.
MVNOs operate on MNO networks. MVNOs have agreements on access and usage to use MNO networks. MNOs also have agreements with other MNOs to roam on each other’s networks. These are called access charges and access revenue
It’s kinda dumb when all this could just be nationalized and run under one umbrella, but MNO and MVNO leasing is at least better than having to pay roaming charges because Verizon or AT&T don’t have ownership of the Bell infrastructure in your region because that’s how the cards fell when they broke it up.