• twistedtxb@lemmy.ca
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    1 year ago

    The fact that wine and beer bottles are exempt from those Nutrition Facts labels is utter nonsense.

    If people knew how much sugar and calories are in their drink maybe they would think twice

    • Nouveau_Burnswick@lemmy.world
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      1 year ago

      I was drinking a while claw with my mother-in-law, and reflected that 100 calories was pretty good.

      She responded she preferred her normal vodka sodas because they have 0 calories…

      • xpinchx@lemmy.world
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        1 year ago

        Honestly I wouldn’t know if I didn’t have to take nutrition 101 in college.

        Actually who am I kidding if I didn’t know I probably would’ve googled it.

        • Steeve@lemmy.ca
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          1 year ago

          There are a lot less calories in a litre of vodka than the alcohol content equivalent of beer. Hard liquor is much lower calorie than beer, but you’re not meant to sit around and drink a litre of fucking vodka dude. That’s definitely not on “the sources” lol

    • Rusty@lemmy.ca
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      1 year ago

      There are nutrition labels on alcohol in Europe, but people there drink as much as here.

      • Blaidd@lemm.ee
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        1 year ago

        Europe drinks way more alcohol than North America

        Excerpt from the article:

        If you feel that Europeans drink a lot, your hunch is correct: people across the continent consume more alcohol than in any other part of the world. Each year in Europe, every person aged 15 and over consumes, on average, 9.5 litres of pure alcohol, which is equivalent to around 190 litres of beer, 80 litres of wine or 24 litres of spirits. That’s according to the 2021 European health report by the World Health Organization (WHO).

        • snooggums@kbin.social
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          1 year ago

          The cans of beer that I buy have ingredients and nutrition info like a soda can does.

          Haven’t seen any on liquor bottles though.

          • Kalash@feddit.ch
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            1 year ago

            I don’t have any liquor bottles, but my wine bottles have ingredients info, but no nutrition info.

            • Hyperi0n@lemmy.film
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              1 year ago

              Depends on from where they were sourced.

              My Itallian red wine has nutritional info, French sourced white wine has nutritional info, American sourced red wine has nothing.

              A short search states that the US doesnt have to have labels on alcohol because it’s not regulated by the FDA.

              In Canada beer alcohol isn’t required to have nutritional info.

    • CanadaPlus@lemmy.sdf.org
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      1 year ago

      The fact that wine and beer bottles are exempt from those Nutrition Facts labels is utter nonsense.

      I did not know that. That is nuts.

    • penguin@sh.itjust.works
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      1 year ago

      But then when you do see the nutrition label, it ends up acting as an ad that it’s a healthier drink.

    • snooggums@kbin.social
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      1 year ago

      This I fully agree with, and have no idea why they are currently exempted but assume lobbying.

  • tellah@sh.itjust.works
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    1 year ago

    Meanwhile cannabis beverages are required to have:

    -Nutrition facts including calories, sugar, etc.

    -Gigantic yellow warning with random health warning (e.g., don’t use if pregnant)

    -Huge red stop sign cannabis leaf logo

    -KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN

    -Big pain in the ass plastic childproof thing

    None of these required on a can of beer.

    From a harm reduction perspective, it’s a massive failure. Many cannabis beverages have very low nearly zero calories, sugar-free. For your physical health they are almost certainly less harmful than alcohol and I know many people would enjoy them as an alternative to alcohol.

    We have faced a similar failure in harm reduction strategy regarding vaping versus tobacco. I think in both cases it’s a result of vested interests (tax revenue, lobbying, don’t know) trumping what is best for people.

      • jcrm@kbin.social
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        1 year ago

        To who? Because we’re still the only country with it fully legalized for recreational use. I fail to see how that’s embarrassing at all.

        We used to have weird rules on alcohol too, and just like those, cannabis rules have been getting better as time has gone on. You can’t expect a world first system to be perfect right out of the gate.

      • Tired8281@lemmy.ca
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        1 year ago

        This is what happens when you have a large segment of the population that is both opposed to something, and not terribly against acting in bad faith. You get poison pills in your regulations.

        • bl4ckblooc@lemmy.world
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          1 year ago

          Taxes are too high, rules for storage actively ruin the products. It really didn’t do much to stop illicit sales; most people I know that didn’t start smoking when it became illegal never buy from the dispensary. They did a terrible job of handing out liscensing, and most of the people who got them were just rich people making an investment(and lots of them had previously supported prohibition because they are also involved in alcohol sales) instead of working with non violent offenders to help them transition. And the edibles and drinkables people are talking about are so bad because the government made arbitrary THC limits.

        • EhForumUser@lemmy.ca
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          1 year ago

          Presumably he means that Canada didn’t handle it, aside from lifting the prohibition, as it is a provincial matter.

          • bl4ckblooc@lemmy.world
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            1 year ago

            Health Canada has also made some ridiculous limitations. They are the reason all the warning labels have to be on everything, and why packaging is so bad that it ruins the buds. They also established some very restrictive rules regarding edibles and extracts. A 10mg limit for edibles is crazy and one of the big reasons that black market edibles are so popular.

      • BCsven@lemmy.ca
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        1 year ago

        To me the worst part is allowing at parks, so now myself or young kids have to experience the stench of some asshat not caring about fellow citizens and they recreation time.

    • Hyperi0n@lemmy.film
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      1 year ago

      Cannabis, unlike alcohol and tobacco, has a high chance of causing long term and devastating effects on youth. This is a fact proven by science. Ease of access to alcohol should be heavily reduced and warnings should be places on them, Conservative ran alcohol lobbies always block that idea.

      Vaping has been scientifically proven to be just as bad, if not worse for you health not to mention the negative environmental factor. It should follow the same path as tobaccos; no branding, no labels, health warning, removal of flavors, fines for vaping in public spaces.

      • bjorney@bjorney.lol
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        1 year ago

        high chance of causing long term and devastating effects on youth.

        There is a substantial body of evidence proving alcohol is extremely bad for brain development

      • tellah@sh.itjust.works
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        1 year ago

        Surprised to hear someone so confidently asserting that more prohibition is necessary. None of what you suggested really aligns with harm reduction and I would argue that more restrictions on vaping and on alcohol would backfire in terms of black market availability and less regulatory oversight.

        I’m unaware of the proof that vaping is as bad or worse than tobacco. My understanding is that the consensus is vaping, while harmful, is significantly less harmful than smoking tobacco. https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/vaping-substantially-less-harmful-than-smoking-largest-review-of-its-kind-finds

        And for the record, typically how it works when you want to make a claim about proof and evidence is that you cite your sources. You can’t simply use hyperbolic language, wave your hands and say the magic word “science” and expect people to just believe you.

    • Honytawk@lemmy.zip
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      1 year ago

      I’d like a ban on all forms of advertising.

      Marketing is nothing more than getting people to buy stuff they do not need.

      It is the reason we live in a consumer culture, and is the force behind some of the biggest problems humanity faces today.

      • Phoenixz@lemmy.ca
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        1 year ago

        Hell yes!

        The world would look so SO much better with advertising gone.

        Now we have to deal with 5x50 meters (sigh, 15 by 150 foot) video screens that illuminate the night sky and blind you while you are driving, but hey, BUY NIKE!

        This is not even mentioning brands buying up buildings and clubs and hospitals and what-not so that they can plaster their name over it. It sucks.

        Brand recognition has been a bane of our existence for the past century

        I might be up for a very VERY strictly limited form of advertising, limited to only a few spaces and times, but I’d love it that brands only show up when I ask them to. I need to buy a car? If I search “I want to buy a car” or something like that, then you can show me brands. Hell, even there, screw the shitty commercials, just show me the brand names and that’s it.

        • Dearche@lemmy.ca
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          1 year ago

          Ha! It’s not just that!

          Where I live, they’ve got some sort of weird “The Future Is Electric” campaign going on. It’s on the busses, there’s a billboard of one near my place, and hell, that one’s powered so it shines brighter than the street lights at night!

          And what is it advertising? I have no idea. Just that our province paid for it. The province. For at least one powered, custom billboard along with who knows how many regular ads. For something that I can’t even start figuring out.

          Ads aren’t just ugly and a cheap way to make people spend money on things that they don’t need or even make their lives worse, but our tax dollars are spend on meaningless ads when there’s so many social and economic issues that are being actively ignored or even caused by the current governments.

    • worstcatintheworld@lemmy.ca
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      1 year ago

      I think alcohol advertising will eventually be banned but it’ll take a long time. Governments are addicted to the revenues.

            • Anon819450514@lemmy.ca
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              1 year ago

              User is I would assume German, asking on a Canadian instance, and on post about a Canadian news. I’d say that’s pretty reasonable. Canadian is part of America, as well as the USA.

              • EhForumUser@lemmy.ca
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                1 year ago

                America means USA

                It also refers to the combined area of North and South America. This the more likely usage here, as who would ask about whether or not the USA has such regulation in a Canadian forum? That would have no relevance.

            • EhForumUser@lemmy.ca
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              1 year ago

              Canada is within America. America is exceedingly broad, with so many different jurisdictions, all with their own rules. There is no single answer as to what the rules are across all of America. Since this is a Canadian forum, Canada was a reasonable choice to narrow down to.

              There is still room for you to dive into some of those other jurisdictions, if you find it pertinent, but I expect nobody here actually cares about what is going on in, say, Mexico.

              • keefshape@lemmy.ca
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                1 year ago

                Canada is within the continent of North America.

                The concept of ‘America’ these days does not apply to continental plates, and you know that as well as i do.

                You know what I meant, and you are arguing disingenuously. We can all see it.

                • EhForumUser@lemmy.ca
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                  1 year ago

                  Canada is within the continent of North America.

                  And North America is located within America.

                  The concept of ‘America’ these days does not apply to continental plates

                  The thing is, we keep a record of how words are commonly used, and that record tells that it absolutely does refer to a set of continents. But, I know, let’s not let facts and figures get in the way of random internet nonsense.

                  You know what I meant

                  Yes, I know you meant it in jest. Nobody would actually take time out of their day to write such a comment earnestly. We can all see that.

    • lud@lemm.ee
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      1 year ago

      I mean, aren’t the cigarette companies famous for being extreme lobbyists?

      • Dearche@lemmy.ca
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        1 year ago

        They did, if you look at late 20th century history. The lobbying and propaganda they did at the time was insane, but there was only so much they could do when people were dying from lung cancer, had trouble breathing, and even chewing tobacco was known to cause mouth cancer.

        They simply gave up trying so hard in the west and concentrated efforts in emerging markets. Do you remember the infamous video of the smoking baby a few years ago? Shit like that’s eerily common in places like Indonesia.

  • Sim@lemmy.nz
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    1 year ago

    And sugar. Off topic a bit, but my addiction is sugar and some reminders might make the occasional difference.

    • FireRetardant@lemmy.world
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      1 year ago

      One of the most overlooked influences on overall health and nutrition. Many people are not fully aware of their full intake. A lot of processed foods are 10% or more sugar by weight including breads, yogurts, and cereals. A few grams in everything you eat can really add up to a lot over the day.

      A more noticeable warning label of this food is x% of recomended sugar intake could help, but good luck forcing a corporation to do anything that could reduce sales.

      • sibannac@sh.itjust.works
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        1 year ago

        On US labels it has the percentage of daily intake for added sugars not all sugars. So there is some info on nutrition labels but everyone’s ‘daily’ intake is different and is usually more than on the label.

    • Phoenixz@lemmy.ca
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      1 year ago

      I switched from coca cola to tea sweetened with a little honey, and one day I just dropped the honey. Without the coke, I think I’ve cut about 80% of my sugar intake. Now I drink loads of tea every day and even when we go to a fast food I will skip sugar beverages.

      • Phoenixz@lemmy.ca
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        1 year ago

        They did that with smoking, I see zero results. I see people looking at those scary pictures and go “huh…” and then light a cigarette to get rid of the anxiety that that image gave them.

        • small_crow@lemmy.ca
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          Before I quit I would just put painters tape over the picture so I didn’t have to look at it. I didn’t want to carry around pictures of diseased body parts all day.

          Exception to this being the one with the droopy cigarette for ED. It was funny.

          Anyway I don’t think those warnings influenced my quitting at all, because I avoided looking at them.

  • Hemingways_Shotgun@lemmy.ca
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    1 year ago

    Because alchol sellers aren’t widely considered as flat out evil as cigarette makers, meaning that they can still realistically grease the wheels of power with dump trucks full of money.

    I’m sure cigarette makers would love to the do the same thing, but no politician is dumb enough to risk taking “campaign contributions” from people who are widely considered to be the scum of the earth. Alcohol makers still have a level of respectability that lets them get away with it.

  • LakesLem@lemm.ee
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    1 year ago

    Not really equivalent. Smoking permanently leaves all kind of nasty shit in your lungs and causes cancer. Also very addictive, making moderation physically difficult (alcohol can also be addictive but not to the same extremes). Alcohol in moderation isn’t really an issue. Pushing it more can give your liver a bad time, but as long as you give it a break before the point of disease it can bounce right back.

    There is a societal problem especially in the UK in that it’s seen as a sort of matter of pride to throw moderation out of the window and get as wasted as possible, but I have my doubts that graphic health warnings will do much about that. Either way it’s more an effect of society ignoring and sometimes even shaming moderation (how many times have you been shamed for going home before you fall over on a work’s night out) than the alcohol itself.

      • EhForumUser@lemmy.ca
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        1 year ago

        “Alcohol might be safe in moderation, but we don’t have the research to know for sure.”

        Not exactly the most interesting of articles.

      • WashedOver@lemmy.ca
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        1 year ago

        In my books Strange Planet has it right with labeling it “Mild Poison”. Kind of changed the relationship for me the odd time I do drink socially.

      • Woofcat@lemmy.ca
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        1 year ago

        less than 1.5 litres of wine or less than 3.5 litres of beer or less than 450 millilitres of spirits per week.

        The WHO considers that light? Holy crap… so if you’re drinking 2 bottles of wine yourself per week you’re a “light drinker”

      • LakesLem@lemm.ee
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        1 year ago

        Hmmm

        Still, as even they say, the less the safer. I’d say go after the low hanging fruit of binge drinkers (of which there are many).long before going after those of us who drink moderately.

        • Techognito@lemmy.world
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          1 year ago

          I absolutely agree, and I didn’t mean to undermine your point in any way. I just wished to inform those that might not have been aware.

          Drinking less = less dangerous

          I also believe that “rewards” in moderation can be more healthy than avoiding everything that is unhealthy

          • LakesLem@lemm.ee
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            1 year ago

            Yeah good input though. I’m surprised WHO sees it as worse than smoking. Not something I think I could ever find myself agreeing with, but honestly it seems every form of evidence/study these days has another one saying different so I don’t much believe in objective truth any more. Just going to enjoy life, as long as it lasts. Smoke literally feels nasty to me in a way that drinking (within reason) doesn’t.

    • Mike@lemmy.ml
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      1 year ago

      Smoking does not permanently leave anything in your lungs. The lungs constantly self clean and I believe after 10 years, all damage from any amount of smoking is removed.

      • LakesLem@lemm.ee
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        1 year ago

        The scarring from all the heavy coughing etc?

        Still, rather not have all that sitting there for 10 years. The liver recovers from a few pints a lot quicker I believe, and even in the less favourable case of a fatty liver, a matter of weeks of abstienence rather than years. Disease of either, is probably a more dangerous situation.

    • remotelove@lemmy.ca
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      Almost. It’s that first breakdown step of ethanol into acetaldehyde that is the worst, but the human body is remarkably resilient to it.

      Humans have a very interesting relationship to alcohol, for sure. It was very useful for preserving primitive beer for long periods which helped us survive and evolve. Hell, it is even theorized that we started to develop the ability to process the stuff so we wouldn’t get blasted out of our minds when we left the trees to forage for fruits that may have already been fermented.

      But, yes, it could be considered a toxin that has no purpose these days. Truth be told, it is still useful for it’s medicinal effects when combined with other medications for cold and flu relief. In highly stressful situations it can be beneficial for a quick morale boost. There are plenty of other uses for it as well.

      In full disclosure, I don’t drink anymore. My body has always metabolized it too well and led me to drink a lot, quickly. Hangovers were always short if I even had a serious one at all. This excessive drinking led to an addiction which took me years to overcome. But enough about me…

      My point is not to underestimate its benefits, s’all. Moderation is key and for those who cannot moderate, abstain.

      • bjorney@bjorney.lol
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        It was very useful for preserving primitive beer

        The alcohol content in primitive beer was far too low to act as a preservative. The only reason it was useful back then is because it didn’t cause dysentery - which was purely because it was boiled and had nothing to do with the alcohol

        medicinal effects when combined with other medications for cold and flu relief.

        Alcohol is an immunosuppressant

        • remotelove@lemmy.ca
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          Good correction, thanks. I must have been thinking of hops that was added later to preserve the beer. Boiling is a much simpler answer.

          Alcohol is an immunosuppressant, yes. To clarify my point, It’s proper function is as a solvent in, say, cough syrup, to ensure correct mixture. It can change the rate at which medicines are broken down by the body to some degree while also acting as an extremely mild sedative as well.

      • fades@beehaw.org
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        Wow, very interesting and informative!

        Also want to say congrats on the sobriety. I know all to well of what that kind of withdrawal is like (2 years bzd clean as of yesterday!)

  • ZC3rr0r@lemmy.ca
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    I wholly agree with the author of this article, but implementing something like this will meet a lot of resistance. Let’s not forget that cigarettes are a relatively new phenomenon, whereas alcohol is something we’ve consumed as a species since prehistoric times. There are a lot of cultural, social, and historical ties to the use of alcohol that people won’t let go easily and will make any attempt to reduce alcohol consumption an uphill battle.

  • Jerkface (any/all)@lemmy.ca
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    1 year ago

    Or to the leading cause of death of Canadians: dietary cholesterol

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bY0UY3FwoW4

    https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William-Roberts-14/publication/23313863_The_Cause_of_Atherosclerosis/links/551477890cf283ee08364f81/The-Cause-of-Atherosclerosis.pdf

    The leading cause of death of Canadians can be eliminated strictly through diet and avoiding animal products that contain cholesterol. And yet we pour millions of dollars into research each year for cutting edge new drugs that give you (so claimed) a 20% reduction in heart attacks, while having dozens of unwanted side effects.

    If you’re relying on the government and industry to teach you how to be healthy and to provide the tools you need to do it, you’re going to die young.

    • Barry Zuckerkorn@beehaw.org
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      1 year ago

      Dietary cholesterol isn’t well correlated with serum cholesterol, which is what the paper you’ve linked is about. It even veers off into the natural conclusion if you believe that serum cholesterol is the only thing that matters: statin prescriptions for everyone!

    • ZodiacSF1969@sh.itjust.works
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      For most people the level of cholesterol in food has little effect on blood cholesterol.

      Fat, on the other hand…

      • Jerkface (any/all)@lemmy.ca
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        For most people the level of cholesterol in food has little effect on blood cholesterol.

        I should have said dietary animal fats (including cholesterol) leading to serum cholesterol instead of dietary cholesterol and I didn’t catch the point you were making right away

  • Pat@kbin.run
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    1 year ago

    I always thought the hypocrisy between alcohol and cannabis packaging is ridiculous. If cigarettes and cannabis need to be heavily restricted in terms of having simple, plain packaging with health warnings, anything for sale that can cause health issues should be subject to the same restrictions.

    • EhForumUser@lemmy.ca
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      Everything will eventually cause health issues. Some substances are quicker to the punch than others, though. To avoid label fatigue, there is merit in limiting use to the worst offenders.

      It has only been in the last few years that we are starting recognizing a greater danger in alcohol than earlier realized. And, indeed, Health Canada labelling requirements for alcohol have become more stringent in that time. As we learn more, it is likely the labelling requirements will continue to evolve as well.

  • arc@lemm.ee
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    Warnings now do appear on the back of alcohol in the EU but they’re usually small things on the back of the label stating the units of alcohol in the bottle & warning about drinking while pregnant or whatever.

    • LakesLem@lemm.ee
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      1 year ago

      Problem with these is they state some tiny amount equivalent to like half a glass of wine as the most you should have in a day, even though in the real world… basically anyone who drinks has a at least a little bit more than that and the moderate majority are fine and not on death’s door. I know 70 and 80 year olds in the pub who must drink 10+ units a day (I actually notice the oldies are the worst for wanting like 6%+ ABV beers) and are still there doing fine. So it has a bit of a “boy who cried wolf” effect to slap warnings on about drinking more than 14 units a week / 2 a day / whatever when at least in the UK like “everyone” drinks more than that. It just becomes a lauging stock, “look at that silly over-cautious nanny label”. If there should be any warning, IMO it’d be not to binge. If you can’t remember what happened the next morning, you drank too much, and it’s if you do that too often that it’s a major health risk.

      Drinking more than these labelled amounts isn’t good for you, but health warnings should be more closely aligned to “really bad for you” to be taken seriously imo.

      • Sodis@feddit.de
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        1 year ago

        Well, because even those tiny amounts have a negative effect on your body. Instead of laughing about it, maybe you should consider, that you and everyone around you consumes too much alcohol? It’s exactly the 1 beer a day, that leads to addiction (and, possibly, cancer).

        • EhForumUser@lemmy.ca
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          1 year ago

          He’s talking about how the standard unit of alcohol definition bears no resemblance to anything people actually interact with in the real world. For example, one unit of alcohol is ~200mL of a typical beer. When was the last time you saw beer sold in 200mL containers?

          He is saying that if you want to communicate such ideas to people you need to speak to them at their level, not something geared towards scientists. If you ask random people on the street how much beer one drink is, they will likely tell you it is one pint (473mL), when in reality that is more than two drinks.

          And when one finds out that, they are not going to reel in horror, they are going to laugh at how out of touch someone was to communicate that idea so poorly.

          • LakesLem@lemm.ee
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            1 year ago

            More specifically (btw pint = 568ml) when I said about laughing at it I meant more at how it’s so little you might as well not drink at all. Which I get is their point as this poster obviously loathes alcohol and thinks it’s the most dangerous thing in the world, but yet we’re not all dropping left and right as you’d expect. If it was that dangerous the UK population would’ve been wiped out by now.

            No one, literally no one, goes out and has half a pint then says “well the label says that’s too much so I’m off home”. That’s where, right or wrong, the suggestion is kind of laughable.

            It’s an ideal, perhaps. But it’s such a tight ideal that no one will even try to follow it. Maybe if they aimed for “better” rather than “almost perfect” (with perfection being teetotality) they’d have more success. A label more like “if you can’t remember what happened when you wake up tomorrow, you’re severely harming your health” would at least get some of those in the biggest danger to rein it in a bit.

          • Sodis@feddit.de
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            1 year ago

            People will still laugh, even if scientists say, that half a beer (250ml) is already bad for you. Scientists need to present facts, if people head their conclusions or not, is not really their problem in most cases. Our society is deeply ingrained with alcohol abuse. How do you think scientists or science journalism should present the fact, that even small amounts of alcohol are detrimental to your health, to the general public?

            • EhForumUser@lemmy.ca
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              1 year ago

              How do you think scientists or science journalism should present the fact, that even small amounts of alcohol are detrimental to your health, to the general public?

              Before we get too deep, is the intent to present the facts, or to guide behaviour? I always took it was the latter, but you could be right that it is the former. In which case, whatever we’re doing is fine. The facts are out there. If people want to laugh at the facts, so be it.

              Facts don’t guide behaviour, though. Human behaviour is guided by emulation of those envied in society. More simply, whatever a rich person does, the general public will soon try to copy them. And, indeed, alcohol has shown be to central to fortunes. That data shows a higher rate of alcohol use amongst those who are considered rich. In fact, some studies suggest that fortunes are built on the social connections greased by the lowering of inhibitions caused by alcohol.

              If the intent is to guide behaviour, scientists can develop something to see fortunes more likely to end up in the hands of the teetotallers. If sipping water in their mother’s basement and not getting completely blasted at the Kentucky Derby was what rich people did, attitudes would change pretty quickly.

              Of course, the data also shows a higher rate of alcohol use amongst those who succeed in academia ([1] i.e. the scientists themselves) ([2] something also correlated with being wealthier), so it may not be something they have an interest in.

  • CanadaPlus@lemmy.sdf.org
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    1 year ago

    Dooo it. They’ll be a bit more tame, though, because moderate drinking is not nearly as deadly as smoking.

    • rab@lemmy.ca
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      1 year ago

      Why are you so confident to say that? I think alcohol is probably worse than cigarettes

      • CanadaPlus@lemmy.sdf.org
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        1 year ago

        I mean I could be wrong. The sense I’ve gotten is that a couple drinks is maybe on the same tier as a greasy meal.

        • rab@lemmy.ca
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          1 year ago

          Alcohol affects every organ in your body and is one of the only things where withdrawal can kill you

          • CanadaPlus@lemmy.sdf.org
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            1 year ago

            I just searched around a bit, and it seems surprisingly hard to find actual numbers for each separately. Do you have any? Life expectancy reduction would probably be the best measure.